The Transactional Distance Theory and Distance Learning Contexts: Theory Integration, Research Gaps, and Future Agenda

Moore established transactional distance theory (TDT) to grasp in the context of learning. Research using TDT distance, open, and online learning environments has been undertaken. However, there are information gaps about what constitutes progress, future directions, research deficits pertaining education. This systematic literature review (SLR) used PRISMA analyze 42 papers close knowledge gap. Currently, integrates various theories models; nevertheless, is a movement toward acceptance models how incorporate more relevant within framework Future studies should integrate other aspects such as student motivation, technology, preparedness desire utilize technology environments. As most samples students, gap involving instructors heterogeneous groups proposed. It projected that quantitative will predominate future, leaving qualitative mixed approaches areas investigation. illuminates developments, agenda, needs might serve foundation for study on